
*** Fighting the Disease or Manipulating the Data? Democracy, State Capacity, and the COVID-19 Pandemic***
*** For Replication (Robustness checks)***

** Authors: Carl Henrik Knutsen and Palina Kolvani
** STATA 17 SE
**Windows 10 Enterprise, 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7, 32GB RAM

use "Robustness_checks_dataset_Covid_Democracy_State_Capacity.dta", clear


sort country_id year
xtset country_id year 



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***Online Appendices***
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**Appendix A - descriptive statistics

**Descriptive statistics for the 164 observations included in Model 2C, Table 2  all the main variables
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
summarize F.official100k F.excess100k F.diff100k F.ihme_off_rate F.ihme_excess_rate F.ihme_diff100k  v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev if _est_c2==1





*Figure A-1, Wang et al
graph twoway (lfit ihme_off_rate L.v2x_polyarchy )  (scatter ihme_off_rate v2x_polyarchy, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(Polyarchy (2019)) ytitle(Official deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white))  



graph twoway (lfit ihme_excess_rate L.v2x_polyarchy )  (scatter ihme_excess_rate v2x_polyarchy, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(Polyarchy (2019)) ytitle(Excess deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white))  



graph twoway (lfit ihme_diff100k L.v2x_polyarchy )  (scatter ihme_diff100k v2x_polyarchy, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(Polyarchy (2019)) ytitle(Official deaths minus excess deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white))  




*Figure A-2

graph twoway (lfit official100k L5.normCap if L5.normCap>-0.01)  (scatter official100k L5.normCap if L5.normCap>-0.01, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(State capacity (2015)) ytitle(Official deaths  (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) 

graph twoway (lfit excess100k L5.normCap if L5.normCap>-0.01)  (scatter excess100k L5.normCap if L5.normCap>-0.01, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(State capacity (2015)) ytitle(Excess deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) 

graph twoway (lfit diff100k L5.normCap if L5.normCap>-0.01)  (scatter diff100k L5.normCap if L5.normCap>-0.01, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(State capacity (2015)) ytitle(Official deaths minus excess deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) 






graph twoway (lfit ihme_off_rate L.norm_v2clrspct if L.norm_v2clrspct>0 )  (scatter ihme_off_rate L.norm_v2clrspct if L.norm_v2clrspct>0, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(Impartial and rule-following admin (2019)) ytitle(Official deaths  (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) 



graph twoway (lfit ihme_excess_rate L.norm_v2clrspct if L.norm_v2clrspct>0 )  (scatter ihme_excess_rate L.norm_v2clrspct if L.norm_v2clrspct>0, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(Impartial and rule-following admin (2019)) ytitle(Excess deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) 

graph twoway (lfit ihme_diff100k L.norm_v2clrspct if L.norm_v2clrspct>0)  (scatter ihme_diff100k L.norm_v2clrspct if L.norm_v2clrspct>0, mlabel(country) mlabsize(vsmall) mlabcolor(black)), xtitle(Impartial and rule-following admin (2019)) ytitle(Official deaths minus excess deaths (per 100k population)) legend(off) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) 



**Appendix B - robustness tests for linear specifications



*** Hanson and Sigman state capacity measure in equivalent to Table 2 (Table A-2 in the Appendix)
*Table 1
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy L4.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) rename(s_mil_loggdp Ln_GDP_pc s_bmr_democracy BMR_regime v2clrspct Impartial_public_admin s_bmr_democracy_trans BMR_democratic_transition v2x_Polyarchy Polyarchy) starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (fixed)




*Table A-3


regress F.ihme_off_rate v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.ihme_off_rate v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.ihme_off_rate v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.ihme_excess_rate v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.ihme_excess_rate v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.ihme_excess_rate v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.ihme_diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.ihme_diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.ihme_diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2

estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) rename(s_mil_loggdp Ln_GDP_pc s_bmr_democracy BMR_regime v2clrspct Impartial_public_admin s_bmr_democracy_trans BMR_democratic_transition v2x_Polyarchy Polyarchy) starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)






*Table A-4


**Additional covariates (added to intermediate specification)
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
estimates store a
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_resdep2, vce(hc3) 
estimates store a1
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_urban, vce(hc3) 
estimates store a2
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_literacy, vce(hc3) 
estimates store a3

regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_resdep2, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_urban, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_literacy, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b3

regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_resdep2, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_urban, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older L15.s_mil_literacy, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c3
estout a a1 a2 a3 b b1 b2 b3 c c1 c2 c3, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)




** Alternative measures 
*Table A-5  - A-12



**Freedom House Political rights
*generate FH_Pol_Rights = (7-e_fh_pr)/6
*summarize FH_Pol_Rights

regress F.official100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k FH_Pol_Rights norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)



***Meritocratic recruitment from V-Democratic

*summarize v2stcritrecadm if year==2019

*    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
*v2stcritre~m |        179    .4176089    1.072811     -1.754      3.261

*generate normMerit = (v2stcritrecadm+1.754)/(3.261+1.754)
*summarize normMerit if year==2019

regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy normMerit L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)


***Political corruption index from VDem
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy v2x_corr L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)




**logarithmic transformations
*summarize official100k excess100k diff100k

*    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
*-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
*official100k |        185    80.80992    91.75789       .081    597.409
*  excess100k |        199    162.1398    150.3586    -92.867    593.339
*    diff100k |        185    95.62151    118.5483   -184.731    522.854

*generate official100kln = ln(official100k+1-0.081)
*generate excess100kln = ln(excess100k+1+92.867)
*generate diff100kln = ln(diff100k+1+184.731)


regress F.official100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100kln v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2

estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)

***Excluding negative excess deaths
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev if F.excess100k>-0.00000001, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)

***End December 2020 estimates Economist 
regress F.official100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k2020 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)




** Economist data until December 2021

regress F.official100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k_2021 v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2

estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) rename(s_mil_loggdp Ln_GDP_pc s_bmr_democracy BMR_regime v2clrspct Impartial_public_admin s_bmr_democracy_trans BMR_democratic_transition v2x_Polyarchy Polyarchy) starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)




***Robust regression 
rreg F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct
estimates store a
rreg F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older 
estimates store b
rreg F.official100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev  
estimates store c

rreg F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct
estimates store a1
rreg F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older  
estimates store b1
rreg F.excess100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev 
estimates store c1

rreg F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct
estimates store a2
rreg F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older 
estimates store b2
rreg F.diff100k v2x_polyarchy norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)






**Appendix C - robustness tests for interaction specifications


* Benchmark with interaction (Table A-13)
regress F.official100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) rename(s_mil_loggdp Ln_GDP_pc s_bmr_democracy BMR_regime v2clrspct Impartial_public_admin s_bmr_democracy_trans BMR_democratic_transition v2x_Polyarchy Polyarchy) starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (fixed)







*Benchmark with interaction  with Wang et al data (Table A-14)
regress F.ihme_off_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.ihme_off_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.ihme_off_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin."  L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)




*interaction with state capacity (Table A-15)
regress F.official100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.official100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.official100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin." L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)





*interaction with state capacity with Wang et al data (Table A-16)
regress F.ihme_off_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a
regress F.ihme_off_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b
regress F.ihme_off_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c

regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a1
regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b1
regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c1

regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap, vce(hc3)
estimates store a2
regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
estimates store b2
regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev , vce(hc3) 
estimates store c2
estout a b c a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2, cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f)) t(par fmt(%9.2f))) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.v2x_polyarchy#cL5.normCap "Polyarchy X State cap."  c.v2x_polyarchy#c.norm_v2clrspct "Polyarchy X Impartial admin." L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima "Ln GDP p.c." L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate "Ln population" norm_v2clrspct "Impartial public admin." v2x_polyarchy "Polyarchy" L5.popdens "Population density" L5.e_pelifeex "Life expectancy" F.share_older "Share pop. over 65" F.doctors_pc "Doctors p.c." F.hosp_beds_pc "Hospital beds p.c." F.resp_disease_prev "Respiratory disease prev." L5.normCap "State capacity") starlevels (* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats (N r2)style (tex)




* Marginal effect plots 



***Appendix Figures akin to Fig 7 and 8 for extended models

**Figure A-3, extentended,  Economist data 
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(norm_v2clrspct =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)

regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(norm_v2clrspct =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)


**Figure A-4,  extended ,  Economist data 
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(norm_v2clrspct) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) name(lineb21) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Impartial administration) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)

regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(norm_v2clrspct) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)  graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Impartial administration) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)





**Hanson and Sigman versions


**Figure A-5, extended 
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(L5.normCap =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)

regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(L5.normCap =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)
 
**Figure A-6,extended 
regress F.excess100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(L5.normCap) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)  graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of State capacity) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)

regress F.diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older F.doctors_pc F.hosp_beds_pc F.resp_disease_prev, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(L5.normCap) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)  graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of State capacity) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Extensive set controls)


**Figure A-7


regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(L5.normCap =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) xtitle(State capacity (Hanson & Sigman, normalized)) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)



regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(L5.normCap =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) xtitle(State capacity (Hanson & Sigman, normalized)) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)



**Figure A-8
regress F.ihme_excess_rate c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(L5.normCap) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)  graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of State Capacity (Hanson & Sigman, normalized)) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)



regress F.ihme_diff100k c.v2x_polyarchy##c.L5.normCap L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(L5.normCap) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)  graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of State Capacity (Hanson & Sigman, normalized)) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)






**Figure A-9, only until 2020 data
regress F.excess100k2020 c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(norm_v2clrspct =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)

regress F.diff100k2020 c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(v2x_polyarchy) at(norm_v2clrspct =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1) graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Polyarchy) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)

**Figure A-10, only until 2020 data
regress F.excess100k2020 c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older , vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(norm_v2clrspct) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Impartial administration) title (Excess deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)

regress F.diff100k2020 c.v2x_polyarchy##c.norm_v2clrspct L5.s_far_Maddison_gdppc_1990_estima L5.s_far_Maddison_pop_estimate L5.popdens L5.e_pelifeex F.share_older, vce(hc3) 
margins, dydx(norm_v2clrspct) at(v2x_polyarchy =(0(0.1)1))
marginsplot, recast(line) plotopts(lwidth(medthick)) recastci(rline) ciopts(lwidth(vthin) lpattern(longdash)) level(95) xlabel(0(0.1)1)  graphregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) plotregion(fcolor(white) ifcolor(white)) ytitle(Marginal effect of Impartial administration) title (Under-reporting deaths is outcome; Intermediate set controls)
